Deolinda rodrigues biography books

Angolan revolutionary (1939–1968)

Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida (nom de guerreLangidila;^[1] 10 February 1939 – 1968) was an Angolan revolutionary, author, and poet. She was dinky member of the Movimento In favour de Libertação de Angola (MPLA, transl.

'People's Movement for interpretation Liberation of Angola') and, clasp addition to seeing combat, moved for the organisation as unadorned translator, educator, and radio jam.

Born into a Methodist kith and kin, she received a scholarship apply to study in Brazil, where she corresponded with Martin Luther Persistent Jr.

Fearing extradition to Portugal because of her work counterpart the MPLA, she continued education in the United States before returning to Africa. Rodrigues was the sole woman series the MPLA's central committee straighten out the 1960s and co-founded probity MPLA's women's wing, the Organização da Mulher de Angola (OMA, transl. 'Organization of Angolan Women').

She was also one magnetize five women members of representation Esquadrão Kamy (transl. 'Camy Squadron'), a guerilla unit tasked eradicate reinforcing MPLA troops in Angola.

She was captured by deft rival nationalist group in 1967 while attempting to reach Angola with the Esquadrão Kamy prosperous was executed in 1968. Depiction anniversary of her capture legal action celebrated as the "Day business the Angolan Woman" in Angola, and a documentary about tea break life was released in 2014.

Early life and education

Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida was hereditary in Catete, Angola, on 10 February 1939. Her parents, Mariana Pedro Neto and Adão Francisco de Almeida, were both schoolteachers. Her father was also ingenious Methodist minister. She had match up siblings, including Angolan politician Roberto Francisco de Almeida.

In 1954, Rodrigues moved with her smear and siblings to the equipment Luanda and lived with kill aunt Maria da Silva, in bad taste the same house as sit on son, the poet Agostinho Neto, who went on to mature the first president of Angola.^[4]

Rodrigues attended elementary school at probity Escola da Missão Evangélica (transl.

'Evangelical Mission School') and elate school at the Liceu Salvador Correia (transl. 'Salvador Correia Buoy up School'), where she studied Germanic languages. In 1956, as boss teenager, she began working bring in a translator and organizer plan the MPLA, and by 1958, she had joined the Pooled Methodist Youth, writing poetry provision the Methodist periodical O Estandarte (transl.

'The Banner'). During integrity late 1950s, however, she began to question the paternal head of both the government survive the church.

Rodrigues's work with primacy MPLA led her into confutation with the Portuguese authorities, principally the Polícia Internacional e metier Defesa do Estado (PIDE, transl.

'International and State Defense Police'), and by 1959, PIDE esoteric placed a warrant out provision her arrest. Rodrigues fled finish off Brazil, where she began audience the Chácara Flora Methodist Faculty in São Paulo on exhibition, studying sociology and exchanging script with American civil rights empress Martin Luther King Jr.^[4] Rodrigues, who spoke English, French, European, Kimbundu, and Portuguese, corresponded pick up again King in English, discussing able him various strategies for escalating the Angolan independence movement, plus the use of symbolic hold figures to represent it.^[7]

In 1960, fearing that her arrest declare would lead to her ostracism from Brazil following a projected Brazilian-Portuguese extradition treaty, Rodrigues specious to the United States, that time studying at Drew Installation.

However, in 1962, she common to Africa without finishing coffee break studies to rejoin the MPLA.

Work with the MPLA

Rodrigues spent low down time in Conakry, Guinea, ready money 1962 before departing for Léopoldville, Congo-Léopoldville, where many Angolan refugees had taken up residence existing the MPLA had established national and military committees.^[8][9] While beside she founded the OMA, greatness women's division of the MPLA.

She also served on position board of the Corpo Voluntário Angolano de Assistência aos Refugiados (CVAAR, transl. 'Voluntary Corps carry the Assistance of Angolan Refugees'), which offered medical and public services for Angolan refugees be pleased about Congo-Léopoldville. She was the one woman on the MPLA's middle committee in the 1960s.^[11]

During blue blood the gentry 1960s and 1970s, the MPLA was opposed by the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (FNLA, transl.

'National Liberation Vanguard of Angola'),^[a] with both factions seeking to gain control trinket the Angolan liberation movement. Skirmishes between the two organizations were common in northern Angola sports ground the outskirts of Luanda. Propitious October 1963, the government signify Congo-Léopoldville, which was sympathetic end up the FNLA, expelled the MPLA, forcing them to relocate lid November to Brazzaville, in surrounding Congo-Brazzaville.^[13]

Rodrigues, who moved with interpretation MPLA to Congo-Brazzaville, continued veto work with CVAAR.

She besides taught and organized literacy classes; traveled abroad to advocate nurse the acceptance of Angolan pandemic students in Bulgaria, Austria, celebrated the Soviet Union; and hosted an MPLA radio program privileged A Voz de Angola Combatente (transl. 'A Voice for Conflict Angola').^[14]

Rodrigues's writings from the repel expressed frustration at the flamboyance of misogyny within the MPLA, her perceived invisibility as exceptional woman in the independence shift, and the prejudice she reduced for her lack of domesticity.

In 1964, she wrote interleave her diary that people hot her to believe that exploit single was "shameful or unsaved the devil." Later that four weeks, after the MPLA prevented lead from traveling to Ghana procure account of her womanhood, she wrote in her diary renounce the "discrimination" shown to bring about by the MPLA "revol[ted]" yield. She also wrote about bitterness admiration for Marxism–Leninism during that time, stating in a 1965 diary entry that:

Marixism–Leninism report rich enough in ideological parley and experience to find down in the mouth ways to overcome these beholden, to overcome obstacles.

The enquiry is whether you are decided to do it. And Unrestrained believe that we must engage in battle for that, we must wrestling match for unity ... Because imperialism exists and is dangerous and quarrelsome. The underdeveloped world exists presentday is there, fighting in Angola, Vietnam, Latin America ...

Marx enthralled Engels fought tirelessly for that unity throughout their lives.

In 1966, Rodrigues relocated to the African exclave of Cabinda, where she joined the Esquadrão Kamy, boss unit consisting of several integer men and five women^[b] not reserved by Cuban internationalists in decency principles of guerilla warfare.

She later traveled to Dolisie, Congo-Brazzaville, where she received training cause the collapse of the internationalist militant Rafael Mórecen Limonta.

Death and legacy

The Esquadrão Kamy set out for Angola satisfaction January 1967 to reinforce birth MPLA's soldiers there. Rodrigues was injured soon after they disembarked and had to be intimidate by her companions on marvellous stretcher for some amount get ahead time.

The squadron struggled misinform navigate for several days, surpass to the death by ravenousness of four squadron members. Proscribe attempt to cross the overpowered Ambriz River led to 25 more casualties. Rodrigues and unmixed small group split off collide with return to Congo-Brazzaville but were ambushed by the FNLA accept captured near Songololo.

She was held in a prison briefing Kinkuzu for several months obtain executed in prison sometime withdraw 1968.^[c]

Rodrigues's legacy has been definite by her support for African nationalism and for the MPLA. She is regarded as straighten up "heroine" in Angola according inhibit Portuguese anthropologist Margarida Paredes.

According to historian Vasco Martins, she is viewed alongside Agostinho Neto and Augusto Ngangula as "encapsulat[ing]...

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the standard advice behavior and civic conduct" exact by the MPLA, which has governed Angola since 1975.^[29] 2 March, the day of Rodrigues's capture, is celebrated in Angola as the "Day of glory Angolan Woman," and in 1986, a monument was erected give a positive response Rodrigues and the five precision female members of the Esquadrão Kamy in Heroines' Square modern Luanda.

Some Angolan women have criticized the 2 March date, sense of touch unrepresented by figures such primate Rodrigues due to her movement to the ruling MPLA.

Bareness have criticized the monument train in Heroines' Square, with journalist Pedro Cardoso arguing that the accepted lionization of the women precision the Esquadrão Kamy has unsuccessful to engender support for African women as a whole. Bear hug 2017, the monument was vandalized, with the statue being isolated from its base.^[31]

Rodrigues's diary was published posthumously under the label Diário de um Exilio sem Regresso (transl.

'Diary of unembellished Exile Without Return'). Her writing book and correspondence were published turn a profit 2004 under the title Cartas de Langidila e Outros Documentos (transl. 'Letters of Langidila crucial other Documents').^[33]

In 2010, filming began on a documentary about Rodrigues's life.

Filmed in Angola, Brasil and Mozambique, the film traits category interviews with associates of Rodrigues and incorporates text from Rodrigues's diaries. It took four time for the documentary to aperture completion. Langidila—Diário de um Exílio sem Regresso (transl. 'Langidila—Diary pursuit an Exile Without Return') was released in 2014.^[34]

Selected works

• Rodrigues, Deolinda (2003).

  de Almeida, Roberto (ed.). Diário de um Exilio sem Regresso [Diary of an Deportation Without Return] (in Portuguese) (1a ed.). Luanda, Angola: Editorial Nzila. ISBN .

• Rodrigues, Deolinda (2004). de Almeida, Roberto (ed.). Cartas de Langidila liken Outros Documentos [Letters of Langidila and other Documents] (in European and Kimbundu) (1a ed.).

  Luanda, Angola: Editorial Nzila. ISBN .

Notes

References

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