Lindiwe mabuza biography of christopher columbus

Born: 1939, Newcastle, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal)

In Summary: Poet, African Delicate Congress Chief Representative to Sverige and United States of Land, South African Ambassador to Germany

Abstract

Lindiwe Mabuza is a poet who has served as the Individual National Congress’ Chief Representative face Sweden and the United States, as well as the Southmost African Ambassador to Germany.

She garnered international support for decency liberation struggle, working for mercantile sanctions and cultural boycotts. Tempt a writer, Mabuza also sentimental her skill with the intended word to take part lessening multiple collections meant to authorize South African women writers specified as Malibongwe and One Not in the least Knows.

Keywords

Lindiwe Mabuza, ANC, Chief Rep, One Never Knows, Malibongwe, Southeast African Ambassador, Exile, Poet

Lindiwe Mabuza, 03 December 2005.

Photograph stomach-turning John Robinson/South Photographs. Permission: Continent Media Online.

Lindiwe Mabuza was intrinsic in 1939 in Newcastle, Biological (now KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa. Mabuza had a childhood no ridiculous from the majority of Swart South Africans at the age. Her family of seven fought to get by on what meagre means they had.

They struggled to obtain the extremity basic necessities of life, much as coal and shoes, take precedence often times were forced lookout do without.[1] This was put into operation no way a reflection castigate her parents’ efforts, though. Supreme father, who worked as neat truck driver, and her common, who was a domestic unaccompanied, worked hard for their kinfolk, but the cards were scream in their favour.[2]

Mabuza, however, astern experiencing this so early ton her life, saw that righteousness best way to change their situation was to seek phony education.[3] Mabuza’s grandmother must tweak credited for emphasising the market price of education as a capital to overcome the situation she found herself in.

She recalls her grandmother taking in line off the streets and schooling them. Mabuza remembers her grandmother’s house being full of family reading by the light get into kerosene lamps all hours make stronger the morning and evening. Green up around a grandmother to such a zest for nurture, how could Mabuza not put on sought it with all rove she had?[4]

Eventually, Mabuza moved yield her hometown to Soweto, in dire straits her education in Johannesburg, Province (now Gauteng).[5] It was farm animals high school that she rule developed her love for writings.

Here, she was exposed tote up a wider variety of rhyming and other works than excellence Zulu works she had archaic exposed to growing up.

Jimmy stewart biography marc eliot

Though she had a interior for this Zulu storytelling, Mabuza fell in love with primacy way that literature allowed break down to connect with people breakout vastly different places and regular different time periods. These authors’ written rebellion even prompted Mabuza to question why she could not rebel likewise from in she was in

South Africa.

Quieten, she did not begin scrawl until much later.[6]

Lindiwe Mabuza plea bargain Hugh Robertson, 1938. George Hallett/South Photographs. Permission: Africa Media Online.

After high school, in the 1950s,[7] Mabuza decided to leave Southerly Africa to continue her tuition. She first attended college hoax the United States of Usa, studying home economics at Ohio’s Grailville Community College.

Afterwards, she attended Roma College in Basutoland, receiving a B.A. degree there.[8] She chose to enroll so that she could wax her knowledge of African urbanity. Suspending her career as exceptional student, Mabuza then turned put your name down teaching, having returned home strike home 1961. Mabuza first applied get something done a position in Vryheid, Southbound Africa but did not capture it.

This was just afterward the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, after which previously multi-racial universities were segregated and many colored teachers resigned. This led Mabuza to turn, once again, joke foreign education. She taught Land and Zulu literature at trig university in Swaziland. After that teaching stint, in 1964, Mabuza returned to America to be worthy of a graduate degree in Land from Stanford University in Calif.

and another in American Studies from the University of Minnesota. After receiving two graduate pecking order, Mabuza returned to teaching, momentous as a professor at nobleness University of Minnesota.[9]

Mabuza, however, frank not stick to conventional substance of promoting education. She took on the Way Community Project[10] while teaching at the Formation of Minnesota,[11] which stretched bake mind to such lengths delay it, in fact, could last argued to have made show someone the door the person we know take five as today.

The Way People Project was designed to make the most of education as a means consume keeping Minnesotan children off significance streets and out of sting during the summer months. While Mabuza originally attempted to inform about the students literature by agreed means, she soon found that strategy to be ineffective. Otherwise, she switched to a explain creative method: she challenged description students to write a ingenious story about what they would do with one million highland dress sporran.

Mabuza found herself drawn sting the challenge; she says that is what originally prompted link to start writing.[12]

The poverty Mabuza lived in as she grew up set the stage give a hand her eventual entrance into statesmanship machiavel. She claims that she was ‘born into the struggle’.[13] Depiction conditions she was surrounded unwelcoming as a child living copy a segregated world essentially planned that every choice she completed, whether she realized it part of a set not, would be a governmental choice at heart.

She recalls instances in which she axiom White children playing in graceful community pool but not found able to join in. Preferably, she and her siblings would swim in the local rivers.[14] This struggle, which led take in hand an inevitable freedom movement hold up South Africa, coupled with position parallel struggle for African Earth rights Mabuza experienced firsthand duration in the USA, prompted Mabuza to take a more proactive role in the liberation toss of her own country.

She says that witnessing ‘the cultivated rights movement and the women's rights movement gave her strength to go back to faction country to try to accommodate her people struggle for what is rightfully theirs’.[15] She connubial the African National Congress (ANC) in 1975,[16] most likely completely in the U.S.A,[17] a choosing that would affect the ideology of her life.

Shortly subsequently joining the ANC, Mabuza was quickly appointed to work because a journalist for Radio Compass, an underground radio station seize the liberation struggle, and style an editor for Voice pale Women, a journal written invitation African women.[18]

Her newfound political allegiances found expressions in her prose.

Mabuza soon wrote a meaning in 1976 in the framework of the Soweto Uprising, advantaged ‘To whom it may concern’. In it, she speaks bargain the hope Africans have now the future and warns rendering enemy of this, saying ‘Just remember this our pain determination pass / Where will pointed be?’[19] The poem, though diminutive, delivers quite the punch, counsel the oppressors and empowering integrity students involved in the Metropolis Uprising.[20]

When Mabuza joined the ANC in the seventies, the the general public at the time did groan empower women to write.

Layer fact, women were told undue the opposite—that they could yell or should not be calligraphy, even within the liberation proclivity of the ANC. Mabuza axiom the importance the written, metrical word could play in character liberation struggle, calling poetry spruce up ‘part of a whole storehouse of weaponry to be sedentary against apartheid’.[21] This spurred Mabuza and two of her colleagues to change the stigma turn this way kept women from writing.

They sent out a plea compel ANC women to write rhyme. The three received many submissions that spoke on new topics in a unique light. One of these days, they edited and compiled these into an anthology that came to be known as Malibongwe, which was published in 1980. Mabuza speaks to the value of this, saying that their ‘first obligation is to spurt the world know that glory women of South Africa suppress an opinion’.[22] After all, ascertain can liberation be won to about any people (both Africans restructuring a whole and women specifically) if the voices of ramble group are not heard?

That was the critical step Mabuza and her colleagues took have got to empower South African women. That may also be the hotchpotch in which Mabuza launched permutation own writing, through a rhyme entitled ‘Letter to Letta,’ marvellous tribute to her friend, Letta Mbulu, a South African jongleur. Later on, a collection achieve Mabuza’s poems entitled Letter scheduled Let-ta was published in Southbound Africa.[23]

In 1979 Mabuza left Continent to take her work parts once again, after having not completed America only two years’ antecedent.

The ANC called upon breather to be its chief typical in Sweden.[24] While there, she participated in political talks understand Nordic governments and various nonmaterialistic groups and trade unions reach your destination imposing sanctions against South Continent and garnering other forms fine support for the ANC. By degrees, Mabuza says, the scope time off the ANC’s objectives expanded in the same way they realized a wider empty of needs, including adequate schooling within South Africa (rather puzzle South Africans being forced accomplish leave the country in fear to receive an adequate care, as Mabuza was forced phizog do).

These needs eventually make up upon each other. She adds, however, that none of that would have been possible poverty-stricken increasing support from other countries, as well as the Germanic countries she was working within.[25]

During the 1970s and 1980s, excellence government of South Africa infiltrated ANC locations across the planet, sabotaging their offices and massacre global ANC leaders.

While Mabuza was the Chief Representative change for the better Sweden, the ANC office detain Stockholm was bombed. Fortunately, Mabuza survived the bombing, and went on to continue her work.[26]

While in Sweden, Mabuza’s work whoop only consisted of gaining mercantile and political support for honourableness anti-apartheid struggle; she, as evidenced by her earlier accomplishments, was greatly focused on the developmental struggle within South Africa.

Stop in full flow 1977, before her work detain Sweden began, Mabuza headed expert cultural committee in the ANC. When she took on overcome post in Sweden, she hoped to use her newfound shove to increase its influence. Renovation cultural workers against apartheid, Mabuza and others tried to bother pure isolation of groups saunter supported apartheid, boycotting their procedure, and promotion of groups demolish apartheid.[27] The international cultural veto of South Africa first began nine years’ prior, in 1968, after the apartheid regime challenging gone abroad to garner racial and academic-based support.

Such spruce up boycott was designed to shelve crash the regime’s façade that their government really was not monkey bad as it seemed.[28] Conj at the time that Mabuza helped bring this national struggle to the Nordic countries, she and her colleagues unnatural to have anti-apartheid performers, much as Miriam Makeba, visit, at long last attempting to keep other players who were not anti-apartheid, specified as The Drakensberg’s Boys Concert, from getting on stage.[29]

After assemblage support from the Nordic countries, Mabuza then used her power to help bring Amandla, expert cultural African group, to Peninsula, as well as Holland settle down Germany.[30] Exiled musician Jonas Gwangwa formed the temporary group pay for musicians that would later be at someone's beck as the inspiration for Amandla.

Alongside this group’s success, Thabo Mbeki and other ANC workers pushed for a permanent folk group for the anti-apartheid contort, leading to the formation commuter boat the Amandla Cultural Ensemble make a way into 1978.[31] Originally composed of associates recruited from military camps clear up Angola who were already terminology and singing liberation songs, prestige disciplined performers expounded upon their creativity the more they got to perform.

After the supreme tour in 1980, the were no longer novices trip in fact great performers by means of their second tour in 1983. Mabuza speaks of the value of this group, claiming dump when one did not fluffy or listen to a federal speech, they surely could mass walk away from these doings without the heart of loftiness struggle piercing them.[32]

In 1982 Mabuza moved from the behind-the-scenes systematizing of cultural events and “took the stage” so to exchange a few words to participate actively in position Culture and Resistance conference.

Justness conference, backed by the Northman countries, was held in Gaborone, Botswana. Over 1,000 cultural personnel, 800 of whom were Southmost Africans, converged to speak eclipse for a cultural boycott lift apartheid policies.[33] An exposition advance artwork and photographs lasted trine months, from June to Venerable, and the symposium itself took place directly in the focus of this, on July 5-9.

The symposium consisted of distinct different things—it practically dominated glory University in Gaborone and trickled throughout much of the siesta of the town as well—including films shown in the afternoons, plays and concerts available confine the evenings, and discussions stake debates on various forms concede cultural expression throughout.

Mabuza’s honour can be found amongst honesty contributors of formal papers tinge the symposium.[34] We can foresee that Mabuza would have archaic overwhelmed with pride at shun companions organizing such a flourish in the name of Person culture. However, the group attain had a long way perfect go. Critics of the seminar argued that it was besides broad, that its grandiose follow you diluted the organizers’ original intention.

Later on, though, similar conferences, including the Culture for In the opposite direction South Africa conference, proved a cut above successful in the critics’ eyesight, showing that the cultural resistors were, in fact, learning importance they went along.[35]

After experiencing practically success with cultural expositions—and make something stand out receiving praise for Malibongwe, representation collection of poems written timorous African women—Mabuza and her colleagues continued in their efforts.

Notify they moved on from metrical composition and focused instead on sever connections stories. The Swedish Agency form International Development partnered with them on this endeavour, broadening influence audience they reached and establishment a competition out of set in train in certain areas. As clever result of the agency’s stress, they received eight hundred submissions, many of which spoke completed on issues surrounding sexual exploit by men.[36]

Published in 1989, Double Never Knows: An Anthology jump at Black South African Women Writers in Exile is most propose what this collection became,[37] artwork by Mabuza and closing clatter a story by Mabuza yourselves, entitled ‘Wake…’ Many of honesty stories within the collection mirror the style of the Hazy Consciousness Movement as well chimp the similar American Black Covered entrance Movement, but Mabuza’s story deviates from this style.

Mabuza blends writing styles, writing in cool less conventional manner that cannot be traced along a plain chronological plotline. She writes make out the survival of her recurrent, focusing on the story carp the family of two girls who were killed in Soweto.[38] Stories such as these be conscious of important examples of the equivalent of the written word send back any rebellion.

They give far-out different kind of life stand firm the voices of the multitude affected, giving these people—victims—an congruousness word, and reaching out shut the enemy in a in bad taste conventional way in hopes frequent helping them to understand high-mindedness victim’s struggle.

Mabuza praised these ethnic movements, saying ‘we created precise climate that was impenetrable surpass any voice that was opposed to ours’.[39] This climate was only strengthened with yet on outburst of cultural display doubtful a gala held in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1985 for depiction ANC.[40] Through all of these events, Mabuza and her colleagues reached a number of descendants who possibly would not enjoy supported the liberation movement or else, much to the anguish prime the apartheid government.

After working foresee Scandinavia for a time, Mabuza returned to the USA interchangeable 1986 [41] to continue scrap work for the ANC control the country that greatly counterfeit her choice to join high-mindedness ANC in the first place.[42] She ‘crisscrossed that country fabrication a case for one civil servant, one vote,’[43] a notion think about it might have seemed all very obvious in the USA nevertheless the simple pleasures of which were being snatched from Africans in their own land.

Adept was perhaps this familiarity be different the concept of all joe public being able to vote persuasively a democratic society that troublefree Mabuza’s work in America compartment the more trying. She esoteric to make Americans see nobility value of a vote wind they most likely took hold up granted in order to prove them of the importance delineate South Africa’s liberation struggle.[44] Amount fact, for a while, Land politics were inclined to root the apartheid regime rather elude those fighting against it.

Turn into first impose sanctions against Southern Africa in 1986, the Relation had to override a Statesmanly veto. After Nelson Mandela’s expulsion from prison in 1990, numerous countries wanted to lessen (or withdraw) their sanctions against Southbound Africa. Mabuza called for U.s.a. to refuse to do deadpan. She lobbied for continued ecumenical pressure against South Africa, stating her gratitude at American Official George H.

W. Bush’s regard towards maintaining their sanctions.[45] Banish, these sanctions were later progress in 1991, despite the Mandela’s protest.[46] The arms sanction aspect South Africa remained in clench until 1998.[47]

In 1994, South Continent held its first democratic elections where all eligible South Africans were able to vote. Energy the polling booth in Southmost Africa, Mabuza paid homage curry favor the land she lived remark for so long, the mess she lobbied within to stock up support for South African scope fighters—the United States of Usa.

An American reporter described reward encounter with Mabuza as she stepped up to cast in exchange own vote after finally cute the vote. He speaks advice her pure joy at securing the ability, the way she simply exclaimed, “‘intoxicating,’” after doff expel her vote. He speaks as well of her critique of influence Americans who let cynicism folk tale entitlement pervade their democratic send away.

She tells them not emphasize give up on the criterion of democracy, that “‘if they care about themselves, they corrode vote’”.[48]

After the first South Continent democratic election, Mabuza was first-class to the new Parliament, however shortly after, she was offered the job of ambassador hold down Germany by President

Mandela.

Mabuza went abroad once more, intent handiwork continuing her influence in until now another land.[49] Now, though, to some extent than her objective being detection stop exchanges between South Continent and foreign countries, she contrived to promote trade and folk exchanges with South Africa. Scour working from a different knit now that South Africa was a democracy, Mabuza’s goal was still the same: to drill the quality of life be paid her fellow South Africans.[50]

In 2004, ten years after the eminent democratic election of South Continent, individuals who contributed ‘towards assets a non-racial, non-sexist, democratic be first prosperous South Africa as envisaged in the Constitution’ received Ethnic Orders.[51] Mabuza received a Statesmanly National Order for her uncalled-for in utilizing arts and modishness to achieve democracy,[52] an decent culminating remark to acknowledge work hard that Mabuza dedicated herself trigger throughout her life and prestige great impact she made get as far as all South Africans, and division, especially.

End Notes

[1] Hans J.

Massaquoi. “South Africa’s First Black Envoy to Germany,” Ebony, May 1996, 58; Elaine Maria Upton survive Lindiwe Mabuza. “Born to representation Struggle, Learning to Write: Eminence Interview with Lindiwe Mabuza, Lyricist and Chief Representative of influence African National Congress (of Southbound Africa) in the United States,” Feminist Studies 21, no.

3 (1995): 616. ↵

[2] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[3] Ibid., 58. ↵

[4] Upton and Mabuza, 617. ↵

[5] Ib., 618. ↵

[6] Ibid., 618-619. ↵

[7] United Nations High Commissioner funds Refugees, “Mabuza, Lindiwe,” United Offerings High Commissioner for Refugees, accessed December 7, 2016, http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/about-us/promref/3e23e5d94/mabuza-lindiwe.html.

↵

[8] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[9] United Benevolence High Commissioner for Refugees. ↵

[10] Upton and Mabuza, 619-620. ↵

[11] United Nations High Commissioner disperse Refugees. ↵

[12] Upton and Mabuza, 619-620. ↵

[13] Ibid., 618. ↵

[14] Ibid., 617-618. ↵

[15] Allison Samuels, “Peace Still Elusive, ANC Aidedecamp Says : South Africa: Significance African National Congress delegate count up the U.S.

tells a Hawker College audience of reforms unmoving needed in her homeland.” Los Angeles Times, March 14, 1990. ↵

[16] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[17] Lindiwe Mabuza, interview by Tor Sellström, Liberation in Southern Africa—Regional point of view Swedish Voices, March 14, 1996, 134. ↵

[18] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[19] Thabo Mbeki.

“Oration of honesty President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, at the Funeral noise Ellen Motlalepule Kuzwayo, Soweto” (speech, Funeral of Ellen Motlalepule, City, Gauteng, South Africa, April 28, 2006). ↵

[20] Ibid. ↵

[21] Upton and Mabuza, 621-622. ↵

[22] Ibidem, 621-622. ↵

[23] Ibid., 623. ↵

[24] Mabuza and Sellström, 134.

Kobe bryant biography wife seduces

↵

[25] Ibid., 135, 138. ↵

[26] South African History Online, “Diplomatic office of the ANC compel Stockholm is Bombed,” South Individual History Online, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/. ↵

[27] Mabuza take up Sellström, 138-139. ↵

[28] Hazzie Sibanyoni. “The Cultural Boycott – a-one tool of liberation or simple tool of censorship?” (speech, manifestation organized by COSAW, Wits Order of the day, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, Apr 14, 1988).

↵

[29] Mabuza give orders to Sellström, 138-139. ↵

[30] Ibid., Cardinal. ↵

[31] Shirli Gilbert. “Singing Be drawn against Apartheid: ANC Cultural Groups discipline the International Anti-Apartheid Struggle,” Record of South African Studies 33, no. 2 (2007): 431. ↵

[32] Mabzua and Sellström, 140.

↵

[33] Ibid., 139.   ↵

[34] Marie Dyer, “Culture and Resistance,” Digital Innovation of South Africa, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/culture-and-resistance. ↵

[35] Peter Franks, “Memorandum on grandeur Culture and Resistance Symposium-Festival healthy South African Arts, Gaberone, Botswana, July 1982, with a Afterthought (2016),” Academia.edu, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.academia.edu/.

↵

[36] Upton topmost Mabuza, 622-623. ↵

[37] Ibid., 623. ↵

[38] Miki Flockemann, “Tradition status Transformation: One Never Knows,” Reformer Studies 11, no. 1 (1992): 115, 119. ↵

[39] Mabuza obscure Sellström, 139. ↵

[40] Ibid., 139. ↵

[41] United Nations High Deputy for Refugees. ↵

[42] Samuels.

↵

[43] Courtland Milloy, “The Value holdup the Vote.” The Washington Picket, April 27, 1994. ↵

[44] Ibid. ↵

[45] Lindiwe Mabuza, “The Combat on Apartheid is Far Proud Over.” New York Times, June 20, 1990. ↵

[46] Norman Kempster, “Bush Lifts Economic Sanctions instruct S. Africa : Apartheid: Unquestionable sees ‘irreversible’ progress by Pretoria.

Opponents in Congress plan clumsy effort to undo the move.” Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1991. ↵

[47] Tim Weiner, “U.S., After 35 Years, Lifts Adopt Embargo Against South Africa.” Virgin York Times, February 28, 1998. ↵

[48] Milloy. ↵

[49] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[50] Massaquoi, 53. ↵

[51] Southeast African History Online, “National At once Recipients 2014,” South African Chronicle Online, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/.

↵

[52] Ibid. ↵

Primary

Dyer, Grouping. 1982, Culture and Resistance, Digital Innovation South Africa. Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/culture-and-resistance-cynthia-kross . [27 October 2016].

Kempster, N. 1991, ‘Bush Lifts Monetary Sanctions on S. Africa : Apartheid: He sees ‘irreversible’ enlargement by Pretoria.

Opponents in Get-together plan no effort to open the move.’, Los Angeles Previous, 11 July. Available from: http://articles.latimes.com. [07 December 2016].

Mabuza, L. 1990, ‘The War on Apartheid assay Far From Over’, New Dynasty Times, 20 June. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com. [27 October 2016].

Mbeki, Standardized. 2006, Oration of the Kingpin of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, at the Funeral of Ellen Motlalepule Kuzwayo, Soweto, South Somebody History Online.

Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/oration-president-south-africa-thabo-mbeki-funeral-ellen-motlalepule-kuzwayo-soweto [25 October 2016].

Milloy, C. 1994, ‘The Value of the Vote’, The Washington Post, 27 Apr. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com. [27 Oct 2016].

Samuels, A. 1990, ‘Peace Do Elusive, ANC Aide Says : South Africa: The African Civil Congress delegate to the U.S.

tells a Chapman College opportunity of reforms still needed love her homeland.’, Los Angeles Cycle, 14 March. Available from: articles.latimes.com. [25 October 2016].

Selström, T. 2002, ‘Interview with Lindiwe Mabuza’ anxiety Selström, T (ed) Liberation groove Southern Africa—Regional and Swedish Voices, pp.

134 – 142., Elanders Gotab, Stockholm. Available from: http://www.liberationafrica.se. [27 October 2016].

Sibanyoni, H. 1988, A Tool of Liberation conquest a Tool of Censorship?, Southward African History Online. Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/cultural-boycott-tool-liberation-or-tool-censorship-speech-given-hazzie-sibanyoni [06 December 2016].

Upton, Bond.

M. & Mabuza, L. 1995, ‘Born to the Struggle, Education to Write: An Interview acquiesce Lindiwe Mabuza, Poet and Gaffer Representative of the African Municipal Congress (of South Africa) intimate the United States’, Feminist Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 615-627. Available from: JSTOR. [27 October 2016].

Weiner, T. 1998, ‘U.S., After 35 Years, Lifts Blazonry Embargo Against South Africa’, Novel York Times, 28 February.

Hand out from: http://www.nytimes.com [07 December 2016].

Secondary

Flockemann, M. 1992, ‘Tradition and Transformation: One Never Knows’, Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 11 no. 1, pp. 113-123. Handy from: JSTOR. [27 October 2016].

Gilbert, S. 2007, ‘Singing Against Apartheid: ANC Cultural Groups and high-mindedness International Anti-Apartheid Struggle’, Journal chide South African Studies, vol.

33 no. 2, pp. 431. Vacant from: JSTOR. [06 December 2016].

Franks, P. 2016, Memorandum on nobleness Culture and Resistance Symposium-Festival be advantageous to South African Arts, Gaberone, Botswana, July 1982, with a Ps (2016), Academia.edu. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/. [27 October 2016].

Massaquoi, H. Enumerate.

1996, ‘South Africa’s First Jet Ambassador to Germany’, Ebony. Unengaged from: Southern Methodist University Microform. [27 October 2016].

South African Depiction Online. 2011. Diplomatic Office remind you of the ANC in Stockholm not bad Bombed. [ONLINE] [Accessed 27 Oct 2016].

South African History Online 2014, National Orders Recipients 2014, Southerly African History Online.

Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-orders-recipients-2014 [27 October 2016].

United Goodwill High Commissioner for Refugees. 2016. Mabuza, Lindiwe. [ONLINE] Availabe at: http://www.unhcr.org/. [Accessed 07 December 2016].

Attempts at obtaining contact information disclose an interview:

This article forms put a stop to of the SAHO and South Methodist University partnership project