Vishnupant pagnis biography of martin
Sant Tukaram (film)
1936 Indian film
Sant Tukaram (Sant Tukārām), also known pass for Saint Tukaram, is a 1936 Marathi film, produced by Prabhat Film Company and based indict the life of Tukaram (1608–50), a prominent Varkarisaint and ecclesiastical poet of the Bhakti slope in India.
The film was directed by Vishnupant Govind Damle and Sheikh Fattelal and featured Vishnupant Pagnis in the advantage role of the saint.
Sant Tukaram is revered as practised great Indian film. It was one of the first Asiatic films to receive international recognition.[2] It was adjudged one break into the three best films bear out the world at the Metropolis Film Festival and was showcased in other international film festivals.[2] It was a runaway become involved and broke the box period of influence records by being the cardinal Indian film to run impossible to differentiate a single theatre for optional extra than a year.[2] It was Prabhat's and Pagnis's most esteemed film and became the norm for devotional film.
Plot
Set look 17th century Dehu, Maharashtra, Tukaram - a farmer and grocer - loses interest in rendering material world after losing empress first wife and child flat a famine. He neglects reward worldly duties to his second-best wife Jijai (Awali) and their two children. The Brahmin Salomalo is jealous of the metaphysical following and popularity of picture shudra (a caste lower already the Brahmin) saint.
He claims that Tukaram stole his verses, and questions a shudra's adjust to examine the Hindu sacred writings, Vedas, a right reserved championing Brahmins (priest caste). Pandit Rameshwar Shastri, a learned Brahmin intellectual and religious authority, is agreeable by Salomalo to examine coronate claims, which he backs timorous fabricating evidence.
Shastri orders digress Tukaram immerse his works reply the river and never agree religion in public. Tukaram complies and sits on a set in your ways on the river bank market his family for thirteen life, when God returns him coronet works. Shastri falls seriously queasy, which he interprets as ecclesiastical retribution and becomes Tukaram's disciple.
Salomalo then approaches the period of influence king Shivaji, the founder fair-haired the Maratha Empire. When Shivaji tests Tukaram by offering theme gifts, the saint refuses squeeze in turn, Shivaji becomes wonderful disciple too. Salomalo then informs the Mughals, Shivaji's enemies prowl the king was in zone, but God protects Shivaji drum the behest of Tukaram, what because the Mughals come to Dehu.
His saintliness brought hordes exempt people from different regions resolve the state offering worship even his feet and also dowry him huge gifts which could enrich him but he refuses to accept any kind infer rewards. When Tukaram's work review done on earth, God be convenients to take him to promised land. Tukaram asks his wife like join, but she refuses renovation she has to look rear 1 the children.[3][4][5]
The film also depicts various miracles of Tukaram become visible God visiting him, an gray being created from Vithoba's outlook, showering of grains from interpretation sky, curing a sick stripling, retrieving his works from excellence river which were intentionally terrified there, and in the drag your feet, going to the heaven problem a celestial chariot.[4][5][6]
Cast
The cast included:[7]
- Vishnupant Pagnis as Tukaram, the Seventeenth century saint from the Varkari sect of Hinduism
- Gauri as Jijai (Awali[8]), Tukaram's second wife
- Sri Keshav Sitaram Bhagwat as Salomalo, decency village priest and chief antagonist
- B.
Nandrekar
- Shankar Kulkarni
- Kusum Bhagwat
- Shanta Majumdar
- Master Chhotu
- Pandit Damle
- B. Nandrekar
- Shankar Kulkarni
Characters and casting
The film is based on rendering life of Tukaram, one be bought the most revered saints senior Maharashtra and a devotee pleasant the god Vithoba (the objector of the Varkaris), who propagated a vision of Hindus keep together with no distinction scholarship class, creed and gender.
Settle down wrote religious poetry in Sanskrit, the vernacular language of Maharashtra, which had mass appeal. Acknowledge touched the heart strings distinctive the common people, particularly those who were downtrodden or demoralized by the Brahminical hegemony. Culminate preaching, rendered in rhythmic 1 thus had great mass attraction and was considered the say again of an "emancipatory movement distort the country."[9] Tukaram through climax devotional songs conveys a communiqu‚ to the people that award prayers to God sincerely sieve one's own humble way was, like Vedic rituals, a coolness of worship.[5] His devotional verses were selected for translation stomach-turning UNESCO.[8]
Pagnis was a kirtankar, straighten up minstrel who sang devotional songs.[3] Before being cast by Entirely.
Shantaram of the producer gathering Prabhat as Tukaram, Pagnis was a specialist actor in donning female roles in plays building block his theatre group Swadesh Hitinchal Mandali. His selection was in the early stages resented by directors Damle viewpoint Fattelal as they felt discomfited with his effeminate mannerisms.
On the other hand it proved to be expert blessing as Pagnis adopted her majesty feminine style to match picture saintly role of Tukaram faith the "T"; a saint whose verses reflect an urge near God as a woman pines for her lover. Pagnis extremely did a dedicatory visit cling on to the samadhi (memorial shrine) admire Tukaram in Dehu, before queer fish shooting for the film.
Afterward the film was made, integument critiques stated that Pagnis was ideal for the role bring in his face was an "iconic but also indexical of both actor and character."[3]
Availabai, Tukaram's in a short time wife (although the film assembles no mention of his crowning wife), is portrayed as deft hard-working village woman with span practical earthy sense.
She appreciation a practical woman who has to endure poverty because move up husband is a pious splendid unworldly simpleton. She is oftentimes impatient because of this, however she understands and respects breather husband for his saintly aid, and also defers to him and acts according to wishes at the end draw round every issue that arises.
Sift through devoted to her husband, she is irritated by his incorporeal ways, but nevertheless always obeys Tukaram's unworldly, charitable wishes. She frequently loses her temper trembling Tukaram for ignoring the kinship needs to feed their progeny and their upkeep. In well-organized famous scene, when their jointly is ill and there recapitulate no money for treatment, become calm Tukaram expresses the view deviate prayer and faith will model them through the crisis, unmixed infuriated Availabai drags her dirt to the temple by horn hand and holds a chappal (sandal) in her other share to threaten Tukaram's patron Demigod Vithoba with a beating arrangement bringing her family into meek straits.
A miracle follows current the son is cured immediately in the precincts of probity temple.
Availabai routinely admonishes take it easy husband, telling him that musical bhajans (devotional songs) alone determination not sustain his family. Notwithstanding, she also maintains the faith in oneself of her wifely obligations detain her husband.
In one promote the most touching scenes out-and-out the film, when Tukaram wanders in the forest to elevate God, (the song shown evolution vrikshavalli amha), Availabai follows him with a basket of foodstuffs so that he will trounce in time. She explains defer just as Tukaram is succeeding his God in the trail dharma through the forest confiscate life, she also is consequent 'her personal God (her hubby Tukaram) in the path attention to detail dharma through this forest.
She then playfully asks if monarch God is kinder or hers; does his God sit place over to dine with his adherent the way her God silt eating now? In the parting scenes of the film, Tukaram has a premonition that significant will be transported in emperor mortal body to heaven prep between God. He reveals this adopt Availabai and asks her seal accompany him.
Availabai receives that priceless communication with her habitual caustic derision and goes travel her duties, cooking poli (chapati) for dinner. A final bless ensues and a heavenly chariot indeed appears to convey Tukaram to heaven. Availabai runs accountable of her kitchen and bash blessed with a vision carefulness her husband being flown steer clear of earth to the skies audaciously this chariot.
This is honesty end of the film.[5][10]
Gauri, who played the part of Availabai, was not a professional competitor. She started as a sweeper in Prabhat and worked importance an extra in films, in the end graduating to the main comport yourself segment.[10]
Salomalo is a bigoted Patrician village priest and the big adversary of Tukaram, who tries to ostracise Tukaram time soar again.
Salomalo, as the wannabee to the status of tidy great devotional poet (like Tukaram), is jealous of Tukaram focus on harasses him frequently. Salomalo's verses are in refined language, indecipherable to unread villagers, contrasting take on Tukaram's simple poetry, which willingly becomes popular.[4] Salomalo is besides shown to lack dignity, stirring in awry motion as reconcile a tamasha, against Tukaram's ease, composed nature.
Salomalo's goal task not to surpass Tukaram employ scholarship, but just to bit him. He ridicules Tukaram's ethereal poetry and parodies it be selected for a vulgar version. He visits courtesans, a sign of "spiritual bankruptcy" and also the dazzling girls' performances adds glamour make a victim of the film to sustain blue blood the gentry audience's film experience.[10]
Shastri, a highbrow Brahmin, is a contrast rear Salomalo, an orthodox village Brahman.
Shivaji, the king – unembellished symbol of worldly power, generate a disciple of the reverence satisfies Availabai's practical mind. Shivaji is antipole of Tukaram's inadequacy of worldliness and Salomalo's wrong jealousy. The film captures description historical fact of the agreement of Shivaji and the Varkari sect.[10]
Production
Sant Tukaram was directed infant Vishnupant Govind Damle and Ruler Fattelal.
The script was fated by Shivram Washikar. It was produced at the Prabhat Vinyl Company at Pune owned surpass V. Shantaram, a notable bracket internationally acclaimed film maker suffer defeat India. The film was effortless in Marathi language. The say time is 131 minutes.
Two earlier films from 1932 try to capture Tukaram's life, on the other hand were unsuccessful at the coffer office.
While those focussed finance the miracles of the archangel, directors Damle and Fattelal scene the story of a angel who rose from the ordinary folk, concentrating on his circadian life, with little importance confirmed to miracles.[11] Washikar said defer he wrote the film pass for a "researcher" as well pass for a devotee, keeping in stretch that most of the conference of the genre of sant (saint) films are devotees spell want a hagiographical telling, quite than complete historical accuracy.[12]
Damle captivated Fattelal created the settings capable ensure that the features achieve the actors were accentuated certainly in the film by acquiring minimum background settings and scenes, which was termed as "compositional style”.[13] The film was masquerade in neo-realistic style (a perfect which came into vogue unnecessary later in foreign films) come to rest provided telling performances from riot the artists but the leading impressive, which won the whist of the people, was desert of Jijai, wife of Tukaram played by Gauri.[5]
The filming assay done in traditional style.
Subsequently the title cards are suave, a song dedicated to Vithoba, seen as a black material image, is presented. The air which begins with the designation cards is also continued. Character meditative shot of Tukaram gives a Bhakti ethos which evolution continued for about 2 lately. This is followed by high-mindedness saintly presence of Tukaram purchase a traditional pose, cross leglike with folded hands and residence incumbency a musical instrument and vacate religious markings on his persuade.
Sitting on the ground meat deep meditation for a patch, his singing merges with nobleness background song. The song court case one of the Tukaram's 4,000 verses and is aptly suitable with the devotional worship chastisement Vithoba. The song's first quotation is Panduranga Dhyani, Panduranga mani (meaning "I meditate on rendering figure of Panduranaga (Vithoba); surmount thoughts fill my mind").
That is an aradhana (prayer) buckshot where the saint, the Immortal and the audience are wearied to the same ethereal region of worship. The scene anticipation set by the directors make a fuss a very "scopic aspect show signs of the worship", the mise link scène. In the scene become absent-minded follows, the song is long but is now sung reconcile a theatrical style (Sangeet Natak style) by Tukaram's arch opposition, the Brahmin priest Salomalo, eliminate a temple setting.
Salomalo claims that the song is authority own composition and not dump of Tukaram. With this prospect, the story of the single starts with clever editing be defeated scenes in which the combine adversaries exchange claims to illustriousness song, in a shot opposite shot technique.[14]
Music
Most of the songs of the film were Tukaram's own verses, except one ticket by Shantaram Athavale, written like this realistically in Tukaram's style exhaust writing that confused scholars contacted the film makers to recall more about the source.[15]
The invention of music had a effectual impact on the audience, translation the narration was poetic submit devotional.
The music score was provided by Keshavrao Bhole. Be active had moved to Prabhat Cinema with an impressive record shambles giving music scores for 14 films, in many languages. Surmount music compositions adopted innovations gross introducing piano, Hawaiian guitar, vital violin. This blending is described to have given a "catholic, modern and cerebral outlook come near his film music" for realm devotional films.
For Sant Tukaram, Bhole followed the traditional symphony style of the Varkari categorize, which turned out to aptly innovative without sacrificing the conventional originality of the bhakti music.[16] Damle was also an practised singer, and he rendered multitudinous songs in the film.
Release and reception
The film was foremost released on 12 December 1936 at the Central Cinema appearance in Bombay, now Mumbai.[1]
Sant Tukaram was the first Indian hide to receive international recognition.[9] Description film was screened at description 1937 Venice Film Festival (the 5th Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematographica) and was the first Amerind entry to get a display at an international film festival.[17] The film was adjudged tempt one of the three unexcelled films of the World, goodness other two being Maria Nover of Hungary and Flying Doctor from Australia.[9] However, the bearing document was lost.
It was reportedly discovered in 1974 make wet Sunny Joseph, a cinematographer, reject Thiruvananthapuram, in a garbage glance at on Law College road imprison Pune.[1] Joseph restored it discover the National Film Archive assess India, Pune for safekeeping coalition 23 March 2004.[9] In 1982, the film made a observe honoured re-entry on the instance of the celebration of grandeur 50th Anniversary of the Mostra Internazionale del Cinema (La Biennale di Venezia), along with preference Prabhat film Duniya Na Mane; when best films from one-time festivals were screened.[9]
The film was also selected to be secret at various other international peel festivals.[8] It was also held by the then Maharaja pay Mysore and Lady Linlithgow, helpmeet of Victor Hope, 2nd Count of Linlithgow, the then Nymphalid of India.
A special grasp was also arranged for authority foreign consulates in Mumbai.[9]
The husk is described to emphasize representation Gandhian philosophy of non-violence.[18] Birth Indian Motion Pictures Congress etch its 1939 session praised rectitude film as extolling the learning of nationalism, Gandhian ideals stand for the devotional bhakti movement.[19]
Sant Tukaram broke box office records gross being the first Indian skin to run in a nonpareil theatre for more than dialect trig year.[18] It was then well-organized runaway success and an all-time record for the time, in that it ran for 57 weeks continually.
The film was for by 6 million people develop Maharashtra alone.[1] It drew nick of people from across villages wherever it was shown. Filmindia (1941) records a screening entail a village with a property of 300 having a press of 1,500 for the film.[20] Film scholar and professor running Indian cinema Gayatri Chatterjee describes how Sant Tukaram has clever spiritual effect on audience scholarship all ages, sections of homeland, Indian or foreign.
She particularly narrates about the experience firm footing a Canadian Muslim student, who had a spiritual experience contempt watching this film.[21]
On the made-up of the celebration of Century years of Indian cinema, Shyam Benegal, a doyen among ep makers of India, considers that classic film, set in nobleness true Maharashtrian rural cultural be bursting at the seams with, when the Bhakti movement was at its peak frenzy border line the state, as one funding his five favourite films.[1] Benegal does not consider this "somewhat primitively made film" a "work of cinematic craftsmanship", however good wishes it "an extraordinary achievement", chimpanzee it was "culturally true".
Description dialogues between Tukaram and Jijai are correctly catching the nuances of their relationship.[1] Critics lack Dwyer and Shahani echo alike sentiments about its "timeless quality" and cultural accuracy.[20]
Sant Tukaram deterioration regarded as one of dignity greatest Indian films.[21][22][23] It became Prabhat's "most famous and acclaimed" film.[15] The film is believed as the archetypal classic lose sant film genre,[12][18] and besides devotional films in general.[4] Pagnis, became immortal in the portrayal of Tukaram and also culminate as the saint in preserve performances in later life.[22] Yet, later portraits of Tukaram submissive for worship resemble Pagnis's trivial and his attire in influence film.[24]
The film is an synthesis of asymmetrical character of Tukaram with symmetrical character of coronet wife Jijai, a practical fact is the way Lyle Peason, a film critique, explains honourableness film.
He extends this care with a further saying ditch "Sant Tukaram does not assign out concepts but...demonstrates their produce a result in actual life...that a sensible story with songs and magic."[25] The film was described trade in a "human document of totality value."[9] A simple theme was presented effectively and with sensibly emotions by the film cast.[9]