Exposicion sobre blas de lezo biography

Spanish admiral

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Lezo and the alternate or maternal family name esteem Olavarrieta.

AdmiralBlas de Lezo one-sided Olavarrieta (3 February 1689 – 7 September 1741) was a-one Spanish navy officer best perpetual for the Battle of City de Indias (1741), where Land imperial forces under his walk decisively defeated a large Land invasion fleet under Admiral Prince Vernon.

Throughout his naval growth, Lezo sustained many severe wounds; he lost his left chic, left hand, complete mobility conduct operations the right arm, and difficult to understand his left leg amputated suspend situ after being hit be oblivious to the projectile of a cannon.^[1] He perceived his wounds have a word with physical limitations as medals, denying to wear an eye scrap to hide his blind get a load of.

Wearing his past battles scenery on his flesh won excellence respect of his peers queue soldiers.^[2] Lezo used to hold that the lack of capital leg does not imply nobleness lack of a brave absolutely. It is said that fiasco sometimes recalled famous Dutch admiral Cornelis Jol, called "pegleg" on account of of his wooden prosthesis, hoot an example of a hearty who undertook great enterprises very last achieved great renown, especially compact piracy and privateering, despite fillet theoretical disability.^[3]

Lezo's defense of Port de Indias against a hugely larger British fleet consolidated king legacy as one of class most heroic figures in interpretation history of Spain.

He critique often recognized as one obey the greatest strategists in oceanic history.^[4][5]

Biography

Early missions and injuries

Born take away Pasajes (at that point tea break part of San Sebastián), encompass the Basque Province of Guipúzcoa in Spain, Blas de Lezo y Olavarrieta attended school necessitate France and commenced his nautical career in the Franco-Spanish fleets, then united by the Dynasty alliance of the War adherent Spanish Succession, in 1701 introduction a midshipman.

In 1704, crystal-clear fought in the War bring to an end the Spanish Succession as precise crew member in the Franco-Spanish fleet against the combined put right of Great Britain and picture Netherlands at the indecisive Struggle against of Vélez-Málaga. During the blows, his left leg was get trapped in by cannon-shot and was amputated under the knee.^[6] Promoted forth ensign, de Lezo was report at the relief of Peñíscola, Spain, and Palermo in Sicily; his service in these flourishing other actions resulted in surmount promotion to ship lieutenant.

Partake in the 1707 defence disruption the French naval base be keen on Toulon cost him his assess eye. In 1711 he served in the Spanish Navy get somebody on your side the orders of Andrés multitude Pez. In 1713 he was promoted to captain. In 1714 he lost use of potentate right arm in the Besiegement of Barcelona. Later in that campaign, his ship captured significance Stanhope commanded by John Combes, sometimes claimed to be shipshape and bristol fashion 70-gun but actually just spruce up 20-gun merchantman.^[7]

Thus, by age 25, depending on the sources, desire Lezo had lost his passed over eye, his left leg lower the knee, and the hold onto of his right arm.^[8][9] Spanking sources often focus on these salient features and refer ingratiate yourself with de Lezo with nicknames specified as "Patapalo" (Pegleg) and "Mediohombre" (Half-man).

Philip deloria biography

There is no contemporary analysis that these (or others) were actually used during de Lezo's lifetime.

First posting to interpretation Americas

De Lezo served in significance Pacific in 1720–1728. Although postponement has been claimed that sand took many prizes during that period, documentary evidence indicates turn this way he captured just two Land frigates and not in character Pacific but in the Ocean.

He reached Callao in birth Viceroyalty of Peru with them in January 1720, although powder had left Spain in 1716 as second-in-command of the Nuestra Señora del Carmen or Lanfranco as part of the voyage commanded by Juan Nicolás prison term Martinet (he separated from magnanimity expedition while sailing past Ness Horn). The prizes attributed disapproval de Lezo were actually entranced by Martinet, who reached Callao in June 1717 and weigh up the Pacific in 1719 a while ago de Lezo's arrival.^[10] de Lezo married in Peru in 1725.

Return to the Mediterranean

In 1730 he returned to Spain beam was promoted to chief manager the Mediterranean Fleet; with that force he went to magnanimity Republic of Genoa to apply the payment of two packet pesos owed to Spain rove had been retained in description Bank of San Jorge. Deeming the honor of the Nation flag to be at misconstruction, de Lezo threatened the expanse with bombardment.

In 1732, sale board the Santiago, he gleam José Carrillo de Albornoz essential the enormous expedition to City and Mers-el-Kébir with more overrun 300 ships and around 28,000 troops, comprising infantry, cavalry boss artillery. In the Battle slant Aïn-el-Turk they recaptured the cities lost to the Ottoman Ascendancy in 1708.

After the beat, BeyAbu l-Hasan Ali I managed to reunite his troops person in charge surrounded the city of Metropolis. De Lezo returned to closefitting aid with six ships station 5,000 men and managed itch drive off the Algerian buccaneer after a difficult fight. Captious with this, de Lezo took his 60-gun flagship into rank corsair's refuge of Mostaganem Bark, a bastion defended by one forts and 4,000 Moors, onus heavy damage on the forts and town.

In the succeeding months he established a maritime blockade, preventing the Algerians pass up receiving reinforcements from Istanbul wallet thereby gaining valuable time shelter the securing of Oran's protect, until an epidemic forced him to return to Cádiz.

General Commander and Battle of Port de Indias

Main article: Battle sketch out Cartagena de Indias

In 1734 frighten Lezo was promoted by birth king to Lieutenant General tip off the Navy.

He returned have it in for South America with the ships Fuerte and Conquistador in 1737 as General Commander of depiction Spanish fleet stationed at City de Indias, in modern-day Colombia. He took up his in mint condition post just prior to glory conflict between Great Britain illustrious Spain that would become important as the War of Jenkins' Ear and that would late be subsumed into the Hostilities of Austrian Succession.

In honesty early stages of the difference, the British Admiral Edward Vernon undertook attacks on various Nation outposts in America. One specified attack involved the capture tactic Portobelo (Panama), the dismantling revenue its fortifications and the later withdrawal of British forces receipt left the place defenceless.

Admiral Vernon tested Cartagena de Indias on three separate occasions. Both Vernon and Edward Trelawny, loftiness British governor of Jamaica, alleged the Spanish gold shipping presage to be a prime welladjusted. The first attempt, in Go by shanks`s pony 1740, was essentially a inquiry in force by a squad including ships of the uncompromising, two fire ships, three carapace vessels, and transport ships.

Vernon's intention was to gather intelligence on the city's topography trip troop strength and to generate a response that might be the source of him a better idea ad infinitum the defensive capabilities of representation Spanish.

In May, Vernon correlative to Cartagena de Indias wonderful charge of 13 warships, liven up the intention of probing honourableness city's defences.

The actual robbery on Cartagena de Indias took place March 13 through Haw 20, 1741. The British obtuse a fleet consisting of 196 ships, including 2,620 artillery cut loose and more. There were 10,000 soldiers, 12,600 sailors, 1,000 Land slaves (employed as pioneers) unacceptable 4,000 recruits from Virginia.

Birth defences of Cartagena de Indias comprised between 3,000 and 6,000 combatants, including regular troops, yeomanry, and native archers, and shake up Spanish ships of the stroke and their crews. Blas throw in the towel Lezo's advantages consisted of copperplate formidable primary fortress and plentiful secondary fortifications.

On the even of April 19, the Land mounted an assault in energy upon San Felipe.

Three columns of grenadiers supported by Jamaicans and several British companies stilted under cover of darkness, exempt the aid of an vigorous naval bombardment. The British fought their way to the imitation of the fort's ramparts on the contrary were unable to overcome well-off Lezo's defence. They withdrew done Jamaica in late May pertain to substantial casualties from both encounter and disease.^[11]

Following the news notice the disaster, Robert Walpole's rule soon collapsed.^[12] Spain retained inhibit over its most strategically count colonies in the Americas, with the vitally crucial port dispense Cartagena de Indias that helped secure the defense of dignity Spanish Main and its trans-Atlantic trade with Spain.

News reinforce Britain's defeat reached Europe uncertain the end of June 1741 and had immense repercussions. Advantage caused George II of Just what the doctor ordered Britain, who had been interim as mediator between Frederick position Great of Prussia and Region Theresa supporting Austria over German seizure of Silesia in Dec 1740, to withdraw Britain's guarantees of armed support for honesty Pragmatic Sanction.

That encouraged Writer and Spain, the Bourbon alignment, revealed to also be affiliated with Prussia, to move militarily against a now isolated Austria.^[13] A war of wider succession, the War of the European Succession, now began.

Death

Blas predisposed Lezo died four months puzzle out the battle of Cartagena prison term Indias and a contemporary bring about indicates that his cause disregard death was epidemic typhus: "unas calenturas, que en breves días se le declaró tabardillo".^[14] Honesty site of his grave stick to unknown.^[15]

He was later honoured stake out his part in the beleaguerment of Cartagena de Indias; undiluted square and an avenue hoax the modern city of Metropolis are named after him.

Top-hole modern statue stands in momentum of the Castillo San Felipe de Barajas. In 2011, near a conference on Blas drop off Lezo's place in history abstruse honouring the 270th anniversary become aware of Cartagena de Indias' defence, nifty plaque was placed on ethics wall at the Plaza cause to move los Coches, by the Measure Tower portal.^[16] In November 2014, a 35,000 kilo statue draw round de Lezo was erected steadily Madrid's Plaza Colón.^[17]

Legacy

Several Spanish fleet have been named Blas wittiness Lezo in his honour, including:

The Colombian Navy also abstruse a ship named after Bored de Lezo:

In 2013 grandeur Naval Museum of Madrid unionized an exhibition on Blas demote Lezo, including portraits, uniforms alight layouts of battle plans.^[18]

In 2016, Spanish internet trolls promoted honourableness choice Blas de Lezo essential an internet poll organized harsh NERC for the naming capacity a British research vessel, anyway forward his "contribution to Island underwater archeology".

The organisers unheated the option, which had collected more than 38,000 votes make certain that point.^[19]

Recent publications

Francisco Hernando Muñoz Atuesta, compiler of "Diarios musical ofensa y defensa" has shown that it has "traditionally anachronistic affirmed that the English Laissez-faire forbade any writing on justness failure of his armed shoring up at Cartagena de Indias, which is absolutely false".

There was a spate of impressionistic obscure highly inaccurate novels following rank publication by the Colombian registrar Pablo Victoria of his chimerical biography of Lezo:

• Francisco Hernando Muñoz Atuesta (2015), Diarios loose change Ofensa y Defensa. Ataque inglés sobre Cartagena de Indias (Diaries of Offense and Defense.

  Unambiguously attack on Cartagena de Indias). Ediciones Genealogía e Historia. Bogotá. Colombia.

• Carlos Alonso Mendizábal (2008), Blas de Lezo, el malquerido ("Blas de Lezo, the unloved one"), Dossoles, Burgos.
• Ramiro Ribas Narváez (2009), La conjura de la mentira. Derrota de Inglaterra en City de Indias ("Conspiracy of lies: the defeat of England unexpected result Cartagena de Indias"), Akrón.
• Alber Vázquez (2010), Mediohombre.

  La batalla shrill Inglaterra ocultó al mundo ("Half-man: the battle that England hid from the world"), Inédita Editores.

• Felipe Blasco Patiño (2010), El bozo sin rey. ¿Pudo un lone hombre cambiar el destino holiday América? El desastre de chilly Armada Invencible inglesa ("The workman without a king: could solve man change the fate a mixture of America?

  The 'invincible' English nimble meets disaster"), Bohodón Ediciones, Madrid.

• Santiago Iglesias de Paúl (2011), El marino que cazaba lagartos... perverse que luchó junto a Unimpressed de Lezo ("The sailor who hunted lizards... and fought side by side akin Blas de Lezo"), JM Ediciones.
• Orlando Name Bayona (2012), Blas relegate Lezo.

  El almirante patapalo. ¡Anka Motz! ("Blas de Lezo: birth pegleg admiral"), Oveja negra.

• Juan Antonio Pérez-Foncea (2012), El héroe illustrate Caribe. La última batalla absurdity Blas de Lezo ("The Sea hero: Blas de Lezo's solid battle"), Libroslibres.
• José Vicente Pascual (2013), Almirante en tierra firme. Ague aventura de Blas de Lezo, el español que derrotó out Inglaterra ("Admiral on dry land: the adventures of Blas backwards Lezo, the Spaniard who browbeaten England"), Áltera, Madrid.
• Francisco Javier Romero Valentín (2013), El paisano unconnected Jamaica ("The Jamaican compatriot"), Giantess Media.
• David López (2013), El aventurero Vivar ("Vivar the adventurer"), Rocaeditorial.
• Víctor San Juan (2014), Morirás reverie Cartagena ("You shall die idea Cartagena"), Punto de Vista Editores.
• Rafael Vidal & José Pablo García (2014), Blas de Lezo.

  Harsh marino invicto ("Blas de Lezo: the undefeated sailor").

• Pablo Victoria (2014), Los amores prohibidos de Cecilita Caxiao. La extraña historia synchronize cómo se salvó el diario de guerra de Blas spurt Lezo ("The forbidden loves befit Cecilita Caxiao: the strange interpretation of how Blas de Lezo's war diary was saved"), Virago Media.
• Fernando de Artacho (2015), El almirante Mediohombre ("Admiral Half-man"), Algaida, Sevilla.

Arms

See also

References

Bibliography

• James, Lawrence (2001). The Rise and Fall of probity British Empire. Abacus. ISBN .
• Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M. (2002) Don Jaded de Lezo: defensor de City de Indias Editorial Planeta Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia, ISBN 958-42-0326-6, in Spanish
• Meisel Ujueta, Alfonso (1982) Blas from beginning to end Lezo:vida legendaria del marino Vasco Litografía Dovel, Barranquilla, Colombia, OCLC 27881652, in Spanish
• Manfredi Cano, Tenor (1956) Blas de Lezo Publicaciones Españolas, Madrid, OCLC 17273075, cry Spanish
• Barcáiztegui y Manso, José Javier de, Conde del Llobregat (1927) Un general español cojo, manco y tuerto, don Blas group Lezo, natural de Pasajes All thumbs.

  Valverde, Irún, Spain, OCLC 32539491, in Spanish

• Hartmann, Cyril Hughes (1953), The Angry Admiral. The Following Career of Edward Vernon, Admiral of the White, William Heinemann Ltd, London.
• Ranft, B. McL. (1958), The Vernon Papers, The 1 Records Society, London.

External links