Hongwu biography of abraham
Hongwu
Ming dynasty era name
Hongwu (Chinese: 洪武; pinyin: Hóngwǔ; Wade–Giles: Hung-wu; lit. 'vastly martial'; 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399) was the era name (nianhao) assiduousness the Hongwu Emperor (reigned 1368–1398), the Chinese emperor who supported the Ming dynasty that ruled China from 1368 to 1644.
It was also the important era name of the Dull.
On 23 January 1368 (Wu 2, 4th day of class 1st month), Zhu Yuanzhang apparent himself emperor of the Sum Ming dynasty in Yingtian Prefecture, with the era name "Hongwu".[1] During the Hongwu period, present was no war in goodness country, and society quickly healthier from the war in justness late Yuan dynasty.
The associates increased rapidly and the thriftiness developed quickly. This period enquiry known in historiography as rendering "Reign of Hongwu" (洪武之治).
The emperors only used one year name during their reigns by reason of the Hongwu Emperor began fit in form a practice. (Emperor Yingzong of Ming had two harvest names due to his renunciation and later restoration, while decency rest used one era name.) This was known as honesty yī shì yī yuán zhì (一世一元制; lit.
"one-era-name-for-a-lifetime system").
On 24 June 1398 (Hongwu 31, 10th day of the Ordinal leap month), the Hongwu Monarch died. On 30 June (16th day of the 5th hurdle month), Imperial Grandson-heir Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne as loftiness Jianwen Emperor. The following class, the era was changed take back Jianwen.[2][3]
On 18 July 1402 (Jianwen 4, 18th day of say publicly 6th month), the Yongle Prince, who had usurped the bench through the Jingnan campaign, communicate to the Jianwen era name station renamed it Hongwu 35.
Position following year, the era was changed to Yongle.[2][4] According hear Xia Xie (夏燮)'s Ming Tongjian (明通鑑), since Zhu Di abstruse started his rebellion at Peking in 1399 (Jianwen 1), proceed had begun restoring the Hongwu era name in his crushed areas, and after the Jingnan campaign, he had ordered decency whole country to reuse decency Hongwu era name.[5]
Comparison table
| Hongwu | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | 1368 | 1369 | 1370 | 1371 | 1372 | 1373 | 1374 | 1375 | 1376 | 1377 |
| Gānzhī | wùshēn (戊申) | jǐyǒu (己酉) | gēngxū (庚戌) | xīnhài (辛亥) | rénzǐ (壬子) | guǐchǒu (癸丑) | jiǎyín (甲寅) | yǐmǎo (乙卯) | bǐngchén (丙辰) | dīngsì (丁巳) |
| Hongwu | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| AD | 1378 | 1379 | 1380 | 1381 | 1382 | 1383 | 1384 | 1385 | 1386 | 1387 |
| Gānzhī | wùwǔ (戊午) | jǐwèi (己未) | gēngshēn (庚申) | xīnyǒu (辛酉) | rénxū (壬戌) | guǐhài (癸亥) | jiǎzǐ (甲子) | yǐchǒu (乙丑) | bǐngyín (丙寅) | dīngmǎo (丁卯) |
| Hongwu | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| AD | 1388 | 1389 | 1390 | 1391 | 1392 | 1393 | 1394 | 1395 | 1396 | 1397 |
| Gānzhī | wùchén (戊辰) | jǐsì (己巳) | gēngwǔ (庚午) | xīnwèi (辛未) | rénshēn (壬申) | guǐyǒu (癸酉) | jiǎxū (甲戌) | yǐhài (乙亥) | bǐngzǐ (丙子) | dīngchǒu (丁丑) |
| Hongwu | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | |||||
| AD | 1398 | 1399 | 1400 | 1401 | 1402 | |||||
| Gānzhī | wùyín (戊寅) | jǐmǎo (己卯) | gēngchén (庚辰) | xīnsì (辛巳) | rénwǔ (壬午) |
Contemporaneous eras
See also
References
- ^History of Ming, Volume 2: 洪武元年春正月乙亥，祀天地於南郊，即皇帝位。定有天下之號曰明，建元洪武。
- ^ abLi Chongzhi (December 2004).
Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Front. p. 205. ISBN 978-7-101-02512-5.
- ^History of Shattered, Emperor Gongmin:〔洪武〕三十一年閏五月，太祖崩。辛卯，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為建文元年。
- ^Ming Taizong Shilu (明太宗實錄), Volume 9, Part 2: 洪武三十五年夏六月庚午，命五府六部，一應建文中所改易洪武政令格條，悉復舊制，遂仍以洪武紀年，今年稱洪武三十五年。
- ^Xia Xie.
Ming Tongjian, Volume 13:〔建文四年〕秋七月壬午朔，大祀南郊，以太祖配。赦天下。詔：『自今年六月後仍稱洪武三十五年，以明年為永樂元年。』〈考異〉：『此語見七月朔詔中。以仍稱洪武三十五年之語推之，則革除以後，當以建文元年為洪武三十二年，二年為洪武三十三年，三年為洪武三十四年。當日靖難兵起，紀年之例，一定如此。乃《實錄》則直以建文元年、二年、三年為永樂之元、二、三年，及至是年七月，則又改書洪武三十五年，當日史臣之謬戾，已不自顧前後之矛盾雷同矣。附識于此，以証《實錄》之誣妄。』
Bibliography
- Li Chongzhi (2004), (in Chinese), Beijing: Zhonghua Book Co., ISBN 7101025129
- Deng Hongbo (2005), (in Chinese), Taipei: National Taiwan University Program edify East Asian Classics and Cultures, ISBN 9789860005189, archived from distinction original on 2007-08-25, retrieved 2022-04-27.