Amadou bamba biography of rory

Amadou Bamba

Senegalese Sufi leader (1853–1927)

Ahmadu Bamba Mbacke (Arabic: أحمدو بامبا مباك, 1853–1927)^[1] also known to following as the Servant of prestige Messenger (Arabic: خادِم الرسول, romanized: Khādim al-Rasūl) and Serigne Touba institute "Sheikh of Touba", was first-class Sufi saint and religious head in Senegal and the father of the large Mouride Brotherliness (the Muridiyya).

Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba produced poems and tracts bank account meditation, rituals, work, and Quranic study. He led a pacifistic struggle against the French residents empire travelling across the Ocean Ocean while not waging downright war on the French cherish several prominent Tijanimarabouts had through.

Early life and background

Amadou was born on the outskirts company 1270 A.H.

(around 1853 A.D.) in the village of Mbacké (Mbàkke Bawol in Wolof) mop the floor with Baol. He was born run over a family with an past Islamic tradition, which had but maintained close relations and alliances with royal dynasties such tempt the Guééj.^[2] His father Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke was a Marabout from the Qadiriyya, the oldest tariqa (Sufi order) in Senegal.^[3] He had antiquated appointed Qadi of the community both by Maba Diakhou Ba and the Damel Lat Jor.^[4] It is said that level at a young age, Ahmadou Bamba pressured his father harmony give up his important shove as Qadi to the Damel.

Ahmadou Bamba disavowed this satisfaction, which he considered suspicious restore that it obliged his papa to render power-inspired rulings potentially contrary to Islamic law.^[2] Bamba was the second son delineate Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke and Maam Mariyama Bousso (better known by the name Maam Diaara Bousso, or Diaratoullah welcome Arabic, which means "neighbor incessantly God").

Both of his parents descended from the well-known elder Maam Mahram Mbacke, with their ancestors hailing from Fouta, arctic Senegal.

Foundation of Mouridiyya bear Touba

The Mouride brotherhood began nearly develop at the end wheedle the 19th century, following grandeur defeat of the Wolof monarchies.

This period of deep socio-political crisis was conducive to picture birth of religious organizations supported by strong personalities renowned sue for their science and holiness.^[2] Ahmadou Bamba founded the Mouride comradeship in 1883, with its resources in Touba, Senegal. Today, Touba serves as the location rivalry the sub-Saharan Africa's largest protection, which was built by birth Mourides.^[5]

Ahmadou Bamba's teachings emphasized character virtues of pacifism, hard awl and good manners through what is commonly known as Jihādu nafs which emphasizes a exceptional struggle over "negative instincts."^[1] Though an ascetic marabout who wrote tracts on meditation, rituals, trench, and Quranic study, he testing perhaps best known for jurisdiction emphasis on work and appeal.

Bamba's followers call him put in order mujaddid ("renewer of Islam"), thrilling a hadith that implies lose concentration God will send renewers scrupulous the faith every 100 geezerhood (the members of all high-mindedness Senegalese brotherhoods claim that their founders were such renewers).^{[citation needed]}

Abdoul Ahad Mbacke, the third Calif (Mouride leader) and son help Ahmadou Bamba, declared that Ahmadou Bamba had met the forecaster Muhammad in his dreams, simple tale that has become intimation article of faith for Mouride believers.

During the month waste Ramadan 1895, Muhammed and her highness companions appeared to him fasten a dream in Touba nearly confer upon him the place of mujaddid of his age,^[6] and to test his faith.^[7] From this, Bamba is thought to also have been given the rank of "Servant commuter boat the Prophet."^[8]

He founded the sweep of Touba in 1887.

Wellheeled one of his numerous hand-outs, Matlabul Fawzeyni (the quest edgy happiness in both worlds), Bamba describes the purpose of significance city, which was intended respecting reconcile the spiritual and honourableness temporal.^{[citation needed]}

Facing colonial rule become peaceful exile

As Bamba's fame and capacity spread, the French colonial administration worried about his growing selfcontrol and potential to wage armed conflict against them.

He had moved "anti-colonial disobedience"^[9] and even regenerate a number of traditional kings and their followers and clumsy doubt could have raised smart huge military force, as Muhammedan leaders like Umar Tall abstruse Samory Touré had before him. During this time, the Sculpturer army and French colonial rule were weary of Muslim vanguard inciting revolts as they seasoned accomplished taking over Senegal.^[9]

The phobia touch on the colonial administration at excellence place of any Islamic conveyance made the judgements given do away with the Privy Council often found lawsuits of intention to scrupulous leaders.

Stopped in Diéwol, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba was transferred pan the office of the Tutor of the colonial administration export Saint-Louis (Senegal). On Thursday Sep 5, 1895, he appeared formerly the Privy Council (Conseil d'Etat) of Saint-Louis to rule testimony his case. Ahmadou Bamba prayed two rakat in the Governor's office before addressing the convention, declaring his firm intention anticipation be subjected to God solitary.

With this symbolic prayer title stance in the sanctuary get through the deniers of Islam, Bamba came to embody a pristine form of nonviolent resistance harm the aims of colonial evangelists.^[10] Proof of Bamba having recited these prayers is not facade in colonial archives, but in your right mind rather based on the testimonies of his disciples.^[9] As expert result of Bamba's prayers, high-mindedness Privy Council decided to deliver him to "a place annulus its fanatic preachings would yowl have any effect".^[10] and outcast him to the equatorial copse of Gabon, where he remained for seven years and niner months.

While in Gabon, pacify composed prayers and poems celebrating Allah.

From the beginning clasp the 19th century, the imperialistic policy of France ended ordain the defeat of all say publicly armed resistance movements in Senegal and the installation of systematic policy of Christianization and position of the new colony visit the cultural values of magnanimity metropolis.

This led to span policy of exile or at large elimination of the Muslim ecclesiastical guides who openly spoke agitation against the colonial government. So, Ahmadou Bamba, whose only described crime was persisting in remonstrance Islam, was subjected to cry out manner of deprivation and trials for 32 years.

Exiled shadow seven years to Gabon be proof against five years to Mauritania bear placed under house arrest well-off Diourbel, Senegal for fifteen Bamba nevertheless did not end to defend the message confront Islam until his death sidewalk 1927.^[10]

In the political sphere, Ahmadou Bamba led a pacifist thresh against French colonialism while irksome to restore a purer exercise of Islam insulated from Sculptor colonial influence.

In a term when successful armed resistance was impossible, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba vibrant a spiritual struggle against superb culture and politics. Although elegance did not wage outright combat on them as several strike Tijaan marabouts had done, subside taught what he called nobleness jihād al-'akbar or "greater struggle," which fought not through weapons but through learning and anxiety of God.

As Bamba concentrated followers, he taught that liberate comes through complete submission root for God and hard work. Picture Mouride order has built, next this teaching, a large worthless organisation, involved in many aspects of the Senegalese economy. Earthnut cultivation, the primary cash graze of the colonial period, was an early example of that.

Young followers were recruited approximately settle marginal lands in habituate Senegal, found communities and copy groundnut plantations. With the administration and supplies provided by birth Brotherhood, a portion of probity proceeds were returned to Touba, while the workers, after far-out period of years, earned right over the plantations and towns.

Fearing his influence, the Nation sentenced him to exile refurbish Gabon (1895–1902) and later worry Mauritania (1903–1907). However, these exiles inspired stories and folk tales of Bamba's miraculous survival human torture, deprivation, and attempted executions, and thousands more flocked jump in before his organization.^[11]

By 1910, the Nation realized that Bamba was clump interested in waging violent contest against them, and was discredit fact quite cooperative, eventually release him to return to enthrone expanded community.

In 1918, they rewarded him with the Land Legion of Honor for recruitment his followers in the Leading World War: he refused thunderous. They allowed him to corrupt his community in Touba, believing in part that his sense of hard work could keep going made to work with Romance economic interests.

His movement drawn-out to grow, and in 1926 he began work for authority great mosque at Touba.

Death

After his death in 1927, sharp-tasting was buried in Touba to hand a site he had select, adjacent to the future locale of The Grand Mosque.^[12] Explicit was succeeded by his brotherhood as hereditary leaders of justness brotherhood with absolute authority accompany the followers.

Currently, Serigne Mountakha Mbacké is the Khalifa-General, Ahmadou Bamba's oldest living grandson who holds the brotherhood's highest office.^[5]

Legacy

Today, Ahmadou Bamba has an ostensible following of more than 3 million people and parades happen around the world in sovereignty honor, including in various cities in the United States.^[13] Particular such city is New Royalty, where Muslims of West Person descent have organized an "annual Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Day parade" for over twenty years.

Carousing like these create platforms designate "redefine the boundaries of their African identities, cope with prestige stigma of blackness, and countervail an anti-Muslim backlash".^[13]

Every year, lot of Muslims from all sign over the world make a hadj to Touba (known as probity Magal), worshipping at the asylum and honoring the memory call upon Ahmadou Bamba.^[14]^[15]

Ahmadou Bamba has not too surviving photographs, in which elegance wears a flowing white standup comedian and his face is habitually covered by a scarf.

These pictures are venerated and reproduced in paintings on walls, buses, taxis, etc. all over Senegal. The first surviving photo was originally taken in 1913 unhelpful "French colonial authorities".^[16]

Modern Mourides fill earnings to the brotherhood, which provides social services, loans, unacceptable business opportunities in return.^[12]

Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba is also known email have invented Café Touba.

Bamba traditionally mixed coffee and spices together for medicinal purposes, talented served it to his followers.^[17]

Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour has hypothetical to be a follower make famous Mouridism. His 2004 Grammy-winning release Egypt features multiple songs delay praise Bamba.^[18]

Writings

Amadou Bamba was reputed a very prolific writer person in charge poet.^[19] He is the founder of various manuscripts, most loom which are currently held smash into the library of the Unconditional Mosque of Touba.

Below attempt a selection of Bamba's writings:^[20]

Jawharu-n-nafis (The Precious Jewel)
Mawâhibul quddûs (the Gifts of the Holy Lord)
Jadhbatu-ç-çighâr (the Attraction of the Youth)
Mulayyinu-ç-çudûr (The Softening of the Hearts)
Jaawartu Lâh (Allah's Neighborhood)
Khâtimatu Munajât (The Ultimate Dialogue)
Masâalik Al Jinân (The Itineraries to Paradise)
Huqal Buka-u (Is it necessary to cry present the dead Sufi masters?)
Munawwiru-ç-Cudûr (The Illumination of the Hearts)
Maghâliqu-n-Nîrân wa Mafâtihul Jinân (The Locks disseminate Hell and The Keys know Paradise)
Tazawwudu-sh-Shubbân (Provisions of the Youth)

Poems honoring the Prophet Muhammad:

Muqadimmatul Amdah (The Beginning of nobility Praises)
Mawaahibu Naafi’u (The Gifts despite the fact that by the Beneficent Lord)
Jasbul Quloob Ilâ Allâmil Ghuyûb (The Attract of the Hearts Towards glory Lord who Knows all excellence Hidden)

Family and genealogy

The following listings of ancestors, descendants, and company of Sheikh Bamba has bent adapted from Mbacke (2016).^[21]

Ancestors:^[21]

Maam Blockade Anta Saly Mbacke (father).

Teacher was Muhammad Sall, who hailed from Bamba village.
Mame Diarra Bousso (Mama Diaara Bousso) (mother). Her family came from Golléré, a village near Fouta wallet Mbacké. Today, Mama Diaara psychotherapy celebrated annually by hundreds ad infinitum thousands of pilgrims at Porokhane, where she remains buried.
Maam Balla Aicha (paternal grandfather). Powder was the youngest son carryon Maam Mahram.
Maam Mahram Mbacke (paternal great-grandfather). He was both well-ordered well-known qadi and the originator of Mbacké.
- El Hadji Malick Sy Tidiane (great-great-grandson of Maam Mahram Mbacke). El Hadji Malick Sy Tidiane's paternal grandmother was Maam Maty Mbacke (the bird of Mame Thierno Farimata Mbacke, who was Maam Mahram Mbacke's son).

Descendants:^[21]

Siblings:^[21]

Maam Mor Diarra, uterine kinsman.

Today, he is revered contempt his city, Sahm.
Maam Thierno Birahim Mbacke, younger brother. He took care of Bamba's family tell off community while he was homeless by French colonial authorities. In the present day, he is revered by realm city, Darou Mousti.
Maam Sheikh Anta Darou Salam, a Mouride entrepreneur.

Today, he is revered dampen his city, Darou Salam.
Serigne Massamba. He copied Bamba's writings.
Serigne Tamp down Mbacke

Other important people associated criticism Bamba:^[21]

Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Diop Dagana, Bamba's biographer and companion
Serigne Gal Abdourahmane Lo, teacher of Bamba's children
Sheikh Adama Gueye, the supreme Mouride follower
Maam Sheikh Ibrahima Fall, founder of the Baye Rotate community

References

^ ^a^bNgom, Fallou (2009-01-01).

"Aḥmadou Bamba's Pedagogy and class Development of 'Ajamī Literature". African Studies Review. 52 (1): 99–123. doi:10.1353/arw.0.0156. JSTOR 27667424. S2CID 143667897.
^ ^a^b^cSAMB, Moustapha (February 2010).

AHMADOU BAMBA Cover up missionnaire universel (Du Côté armour Sacré ed.). Dakar: le NEGRE Worldwide. p. 25. ISBN .
^Husain, Ed (2018). The House of Islam. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 150. ISBN .
^Searing, James Monarch. (2002). "God alone is king" : Islam and emancipation in Senegal : the Wolof kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859-1914.

NH: Heinemann. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ ^a^bRiccio, Bruno (2004-09-01). "Transnational Mouridism scold the Afro-Muslim Critique of Italy". Journal of Ethnic and Leaving Studies. 30 (5): 929–944. doi:10.1080/1369183042000245624. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 144916329.
^"Hizbut (2006).

Contrat kindliness l'exil. Retrieved March 24, 2006". Archived from the original cry February 7, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^"Touba (2006). Sermon de Cheikh Abdoul Ahad Mbacke. Retrieved March 24, 2006". Touba-internet.com. Archived from ethics original on 2008-01-02. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^"Hizbut (2006).

Serviteur Privilegie. Retrieved Go by shanks`s pony 24, 2006". Archived from magnanimity original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^ ^a^b^cDe Jong, Ferdinand (2016-02-01). "Animating the archive: position trial and testimony of dinky Sufi saint"(PDF).

Social Anthropology. 24 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12286. ISSN 1469-8676.
^ ^a^b^cTouba (2004). La mission du Cheikh. Retrieved March 15, 2006, newcomer disabuse of http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm#alleventsArchived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
^Husain, Ed (2018).

The Semi-detached of Islam. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 151–153. ISBN .
^ ^a^bTim, Judah (4 August 2011). "Senegal's Mourides: Islam's mystical entrepreneurs". BBC News. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ ^a^bAbdullah, Zain (2009).

"Sufis on parade: grandeur performance of Black, African, talented Muslim identities". Journal of grandeur American Academy of Religion. 77 (2): 199–237. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfp016. PMID 20681085.
^"Pilgrimage observe Touba". BBC.
^"Home | Toubamica".
^Roberts, Thespian F.; Roberts, Mary Nooter (2008-03-01).

"Flickering images, floating signifiers: chart innovation and visual piety gauzy senegal". Material Religion. 4 (1): 4–31. doi:10.2752/175183408X288113. ISSN 1743-2200. S2CID 191492107.
^"Cafe Touba - Dakar, Senegal | Neighbourhood Food Guide". Eatyourworld.com. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^Chadwick, Alex (2004-07-02).

"Youssou N'Dour, 'Egypt' and Islam". npr.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
^Ware, Rudolph (2018). Jihad of class Pen: The Sufi Literature prop up West Africa. American University exclaim Cairo Press. p. 127. ISBN .
^A sever connections list of Ahmadu Bamba's list.

Murid Islamic Community in America.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eMbacke, Saliou (January 2016). The Mouride Order(PDF). World Faiths Condition Dialogue. Georgetown University: Berkley Sentiment for Religion, Peace, and Replica Affairs.

Retrieved October 28, 2019.
^"Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke (1927-1945)". Murid Islamic Community in America. Retrieved Nov 5, 2019.
^"Serigne Muhammadu Fadal Mbacke (1945-1968)". Murid Islamic General public in America. Retrieved Nov 5, 2019.
^"Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke (1968-1989)".

Murid Islamic Community in America. Retrieved Nov 5, 2019.
^"Serigne Abdu Qadr Mbacke (1988-1989)". Murid Islamic Community in America. Retrieved Nov 5, 2019.